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| Classwise Additional Science Questions with Solutions (Class 11th) | ||||||||||||||
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| Classwise Additional Science NCERT Questions with Solutions (Class 12th) | ||||||||||||||
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Class 11th Biology Additional Questions
1. The Living World
This chapter establishes the very definition of 'life' by exploring characteristics that distinguish living organisms from non-living matter, such as metabolism and consciousness. It introduces the concept of biodiversity and the scientific necessity for organizing this vast diversity through taxonomy. You will learn about the universal system of binomial nomenclature for naming species and the hierarchical framework of taxonomic categories from species to kingdom. The chapter also describes various taxonomic aids that are essential for study and classification. To test your grasp of these fundamental concepts, this section provides additional short and long answer type questions beyond those in the NCERT and Exemplar books.
2. Biological Classification
This chapter details the scientific approach to classifying the vast array of life on Earth. It traces the history of classification systems, culminating in R.H. Whittaker’s widely accepted Five Kingdom Classification. This system categorizes all organisms into Kingdom Monera (prokaryotes), Protista (unicellular eukaryotes), Fungi (with chitinous cell walls), Plantae (autotrophs), and Animalia (heterotrophs). The chapter also discusses entities that defy easy classification, like viruses and lichens, highlighting the dynamic nature of systematics. To reinforce your understanding of these kingdoms, this section offers a variety of extra short and long answer questions for practice.
3. Plant Kingdom
This chapter provides a detailed survey of the Plant Kingdom, exploring the major groups and their evolutionary progression. It covers Algae, the simplest plants; Bryophytes, the 'amphibians' of the plant kingdom; Pteridophytes, the first terrestrial plants with vascular tissues; Gymnosperms with their naked seeds; and the dominant Angiosperms or flowering plants. A central theme is the concept of alternation of generations, the life cycle pattern that alternates between a gametophyte and a sporophyte stage, which varies across these groups. A collection of supplementary short and long answer questions is provided here to master this topic.
4. Animal Kingdom
This chapter offers a systematic tour of the diverse Animal Kingdom. It explains the fundamental criteria used for classification, such as levels of organisation, symmetry, germ layers, and the nature of the body cavity (coelom). The chapter then proceeds phylum by phylum, from simple invertebrates like Porifera and Cnidaria to the more complex ones like Arthropoda and Mollusca, culminating in the phylum Chordata. This approach helps in understanding the evolutionary trends towards increasing complexity in animal body plans. This section contains additional questions to help you master animal classification.
5. Morphology Of Flowering Plants
This chapter focuses on the external structure, or morphology, of flowering plants. It provides a detailed description of the various plant parts—the root, stem, and leaf—and their fascinating modifications, which are adaptations for functions like storage, support, and protection. The chapter also covers the reproductive parts, including the inflorescence (flower arrangement), the structure of a typical flower, and the development of fruits and seeds. To test your ability to identify and describe these structures, solve the additional short and long answer type questions available here.
6. Anatomy Of Flowering Plants
This chapter takes you inside the plant to study its internal structure, or anatomy. It describes the different types of plant tissues, classifying them into meristematic tissues (for growth) and permanent tissues (simple and complex). A key focus is on the complex tissues, xylem and phloem, which form the plant's transport system. The chapter provides a detailed comparison of the internal anatomy of dicot and monocot roots, stems, and leaves, and also explains the process of secondary growth. To explore this topic further, a set of additional short and long answer questions is available in this section.
7. Structural Organisation In Animals
This chapter explains how animal cells are organised into functional units. It details the four primary types of animal tissues: Epithelial (covering), Connective (support), Muscular (movement), and Nervous (control) tissue. To illustrate how these tissues are integrated to form organs and organ systems, the chapter provides a detailed study of the morphology and anatomy of three representative animals: the earthworm, the cockroach, and the frog. To practice these concepts, this section provides extra short and long answer questions.
8. Cell - The Unit Of Life
This chapter reinforces the cell as the fundamental unit of life, as proposed by the Cell Theory. It distinguishes between prokaryotic and eukaryotic cells and then takes a detailed tour of a eukaryotic cell, explaining the structure and function of its various membrane-bound organelles. This includes the endomembrane system, the mitochondria (powerhouse), plastids, and the nucleus, which houses the cell's genetic material. This microscopic view reveals the complex machinery that carries out all life processes. A set of supplementary short and long answer questions is available here for practice.
9. Biomolecules
This chapter explores the chemistry of life, focusing on the biomolecules that make up living cells. It details the structure and function of the four major classes of organic macromolecules: Carbohydrates, Proteins, Lipids, and Nucleic Acids (DNA and RNA). A key focus is on proteins as the workhorses of the cell and nucleic acids as the carriers of genetic information. The chapter also introduces enzymes as biological catalysts that speed up biochemical reactions, explaining how they work. This section contains additional questions to deepen your understanding of these vital molecules.
10. Cell Cycle And Cell Division
This chapter describes the life of a cell, the cell cycle, which consists of a growth phase (Interphase) and a division phase (M phase). It explains the two crucial types of cell division: Mitosis, an equational division for growth and repair that produces two identical daughter cells, and Meiosis, a reductional division that produces four genetically unique haploid gametes for sexual reproduction. The chapter details the distinct stages of both processes and highlights the significance of crossing over in meiosis for creating genetic variation. To master these processes, solve the additional questions provided here.
11. Transport In Plants
This chapter explains how plants transport water, minerals, and food. It covers short-distance transport mechanisms and then focuses on long-distance transport through the vascular tissues. The upward movement of water and minerals through the xylem is explained by the cohesion-tension-transpiration pull theory. The translocation of sugars from the leaves (source) to other parts (sink) through the phloem is explained by the pressure-flow hypothesis. This chapter reveals the sophisticated plumbing system that sustains plant life. To test your knowledge, a variety of extra questions are available in this section.
12. Mineral Nutrition
This chapter focuses on the essential inorganic nutrients plants need to grow. It classifies them into macronutrients and micronutrients and describes the specific roles and deficiency symptoms for various key minerals. A significant portion is dedicated to the crucial process of nitrogen metabolism, explaining how atmospheric nitrogen is made available to plants through biological nitrogen fixation by certain microbes, a process vital for the synthesis of proteins and nucleic acids. To enhance your understanding of plant nutrition, a collection of additional questions is provided here.
13. Photosynthesis In Higher Plants
This chapter provides a detailed biochemical understanding of photosynthesis. It breaks down the process into two stages: the light-dependent reactions, where light energy is captured by pigments in the chloroplast to produce ATP and NADPH, and the light-independent reactions (the Calvin cycle), where this chemical energy is used to convert CO₂ into sugar. The chapter also discusses alternative pathways like the C4 pathway and analyzes the factors that affect the rate of this vital, life-sustaining process. This section contains supplementary questions to help you master the intricacies of photosynthesis.
14. Respiration In Plants
This chapter details how plants, like all living organisms, break down food to release energy through cellular respiration. It focuses on the stages of aerobic respiration: Glycolysis (the initial breakdown of glucose in the cytoplasm), the Krebs cycle (in the mitochondria), and the electron transport system, where the bulk of the ATP is generated. The chapter also covers anaerobic respiration (fermentation) and introduces the concept of the Respiratory Quotient (RQ). To test your grasp of these metabolic pathways, solve the additional short and long answer questions available here.
15. Plant - Growth And Development
This chapter explores the processes that govern a plant's life, from germination to senescence. It details the roles of the five major types of plant growth regulators or phytohormones: the growth promoters (Auxins, Gibberellins, Cytokinins) and the growth inhibitors (Abscisic acid, Ethylene). The chapter also explains how plants respond to environmental cues, covering topics like photoperiodism (the effect of day length on flowering) and vernalisation (the requirement of a cold period for flowering). To explore these regulatory mechanisms further, a set of additional questions is provided in this section.
16. Digestion And Absorption
This chapter explains the process of nutrition in humans, detailing the structure and function of the human digestive system. It traces the journey of food through the alimentary canal and describes how complex food molecules are broken down by various digestive enzymes in the process of digestion. The chapter then explains how these simple, soluble nutrients are taken into the bloodstream and lymph during absorption, primarily in the small intestine. To reinforce your understanding of human physiology, this section offers extra short and long answer questions.
17. Breathing And Exchange Of Gases
This chapter details the mechanism of gaseous exchange in humans. It describes the anatomy of the human respiratory system and explains the mechanics of breathing (inspiration and expiration). A key focus is the exchange of gases (O₂ and CO₂) between the alveoli of the lungs and the blood, and between the blood and the body tissues, which occurs by simple diffusion based on pressure gradients. The chapter also covers the transport of these gases in the blood and the regulation of respiration. To test your knowledge on this vital process, a variety of extra questions are available in this section.
18. Body Fluids And Circulation
This chapter describes the internal transport system of the human body. It details the composition of blood and lymph. A major part is dedicated to the structure and function of the four-chambered heart and the mechanism of the cardiac cycle. The chapter explains the concept of double circulation (pulmonary and systemic) and provides an overview of the different blood vessels. It also covers the ABO and Rh blood groups and the process of blood coagulation. A collection of supplementary questions is provided here for practice.
19. Excretory Products And Their Elimination
This chapter explains how the body removes metabolic wastes, a process crucial for maintaining homeostasis. It describes the structure of the human excretory system, focusing on the kidneys. The chapter provides a detailed account of the structure of a nephron and the three main steps of urine formation: glomerular filtration, selective reabsorption, and tubular secretion. The role of hormones in regulating kidney function (osmoregulation) is also discussed. To help you master this complex physiological process, this section contains additional short and long answer questions.
20. Locomotion And Movement
This chapter explores the mechanics of movement in the human body. It details the structure of different types of muscles and focuses on the mechanism of skeletal muscle contraction, explained by the sliding filament theory. The chapter provides a comprehensive overview of the human skeletal system (axial and appendicular skeletons) and describes the different types of joints that allow for a range of movements. To test your understanding of how our bones and muscles work together, solve the additional short and long answer questions available here.
21. Neural Control And Coordination
This chapter details the body's rapid communication network, the nervous system. It explains the structure of a neuron and the process of nerve impulse generation and conduction. The chapter provides an overview of the human nervous system, including the Central Nervous System (brain and spinal cord) and the Peripheral Nervous System. It also explains the mechanism of the reflex arc. A significant portion is dedicated to the structure and physiology of the sensory organs, the eye and the ear. To explore the nervous system further, a set of additional questions is provided.
22. Chemical Coordination And Integration
This chapter explains the role of the endocrine system in regulating body functions through chemical messengers called hormones. It describes the location and functions of the major endocrine glands, such as the hypothalamus, pituitary, thyroid, adrenal glands, and pancreas. The chapter details the specific hormones secreted by each gland and their roles in processes like growth, metabolism, and stress response. The concept of feedback mechanism in regulating hormone levels is also explained. To reinforce your learning, this section offers extra short and long answer questions.