| Classwise Additional Science Questions with Solutions (Class 6th to 10th) | ||||||||||||||
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| Classwise Additional Science Questions with Solutions (Class 11th) | ||||||||||||||
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| Classwise Additional Science NCERT Questions with Solutions (Class 12th) | ||||||||||||||
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Class 12th Physics Additional Questions
1. Electric Charges And Fields
This chapter lays the foundation of electrostatics, introducing the concept of electric charge, its fundamental properties (quantisation and conservation), and the force between charges, which is quantified by Coulomb's Law ($F = k \frac{|q_1 q_2|}{r^2}$). It develops the crucial concept of the electric field ($\vec{E}$) and its visualization through field lines. A major tool, Gauss's Law ($\oint \vec{E} \cdot d\vec{A} = \frac{q_{in}}{\varepsilon_0}$), is introduced to calculate the electric field for symmetric charge distributions. To deepen your understanding of these principles, this section provides additional short and long answer type questions beyond those in the NCERT and Exemplar books.
2. Electrostatic Potential And Capacitance
This chapter explores the energy aspects of electrostatics through the concepts of electrostatic potential ($V$) and potential energy. It establishes the relationship between the electric field and potential ($E = -dV/dr$). The chapter then introduces capacitance ($C = Q/V$) as a measure of a conductor's ability to store charge. It provides a detailed analysis of capacitors, their combinations in series and parallel, and the effect of inserting a dielectric medium. The calculation of the energy stored in a capacitor ($U = \frac{1}{2}CV^2$) is also covered. To reinforce your learning, this section offers a variety of extra short and long answer questions for practice.
3. Current Electricity
This chapter shifts from static charges to charges in motion, defining electric current. The fundamental relationship governing circuits, Ohm's Law ($V = IR$), is introduced, along with the concepts of resistance and resistivity. For analyzing complex networks, the chapter presents Kirchhoff's laws (junction and loop rules). It also covers the heating effect of current, electric power, and the practical aspects of electrical cells, including their internal resistance and combinations. A collection of supplementary short and long answer questions is provided here to master circuit analysis.
4. Moving Charges And Magnetism
This chapter unveils the connection between electricity and magnetism, establishing that moving charges produce magnetic fields. It introduces the Lorentz force ($\vec{F} = q(\vec{E} + \vec{v} \times \vec{B})$) and provides tools to calculate the magnetic field produced by currents, namely the Biot-Savart Law and Ampere's Circuital Law. These are applied to find the fields for a straight wire, a circular loop, and a solenoid. The chapter also explores the torque on a current loop, the principle behind the moving coil galvanometer. This section contains additional questions to help you master these concepts.
5. Magnetism And Matter
This chapter explores magnetism as a property of matter. It discusses bar magnets and their fields, then delves into Earth's magnetism. A key focus is the classification of magnetic materials into diamagnetic, paramagnetic, and ferromagnetic based on their response to an external magnetic field, explained by their microscopic structure. The chapter discusses the temperature dependence of magnetism, including Curie's Law, and the properties of permanent magnets and electromagnets. To test your understanding of these material properties, solve the additional short and long answer type questions available here.
6. Electromagnetic Induction
This chapter introduces the phenomenon of electromagnetic induction (EMI), where a changing magnetic field induces an electric current. The principles are quantified by Faraday's laws of induction ($\mathcal{E} = -d\Phi_B/dt$), while the direction of the induced current is given by Lenz's Law. The chapter explains concepts like motional emf, self-inductance ($L$), and mutual-inductance ($M$). It also discusses practical applications such as eddy currents and the working principle of the AC generator. To explore this topic further, a set of additional short and long answer questions is available in this section.
7. Alternating Current
This chapter provides a detailed analysis of circuits with Alternating Current (AC). It introduces the concepts of peak and RMS values and analyzes the behavior of circuits containing resistors, inductors, and capacitors using phasors. Key concepts like reactance, impedance ($Z$), and phase angle are defined. The chapter explores the phenomenon of resonance in series LCR circuits and discusses power in AC circuits. Finally, it explains the working principle of the transformer, a vital device for voltage conversion. This section provides extra questions to practice AC circuit analysis.
8. Electromagnetic Waves
This chapter unifies electricity and magnetism by presenting electromagnetic (EM) waves, as predicted by Maxwell's equations. It describes EM waves as transverse waves of oscillating electric and magnetic fields that travel at the speed of light ($c$). The chapter provides a comprehensive overview of the entire electromagnetic spectrum, from radio waves to gamma rays, highlighting the sources, properties, and diverse applications of each region. A set of supplementary short and long answer questions is provided here for practice on this topic.
9. Ray Optics And Optical Instruments
This chapter, also known as geometric optics, covers the phenomena of reflection and refraction of light. Reflection from spherical mirrors is analyzed using the mirror formula ($1/v + 1/u = 1/f$). Refraction is governed by Snell's Law, leading to an understanding of Total Internal Reflection and image formation by lenses using the lens formula ($1/v - 1/u = 1/f$). The chapter concludes by explaining the working principles of important optical instruments like microscopes and telescopes. A collection of additional questions is provided here to reinforce your understanding.
10. Wave Optics
This chapter explores phenomena that demonstrate the wave nature of light. It introduces Huygens' principle to explain wave propagation. The core of the chapter is the principle of superposition, which explains interference and diffraction. Young's double-slit experiment is presented as definitive proof of interference. The chapter also discusses diffraction at a single slit and introduces polarization as a phenomenon exclusive to transverse waves, confirming the transverse nature of light. To test your knowledge on wave phenomena, this section offers extra short and long answer questions.
11. Dual Nature Of Radiation And Matter
This chapter introduces the revolutionary concept of wave-particle duality. It discusses the photoelectric effect, which is explained by Einstein's theory postulating that light consists of energy packets called photons, leading to the photoelectric equation ($K_{max} = h\nu - \phi_0$). The chapter then presents de Broglie's hypothesis, which proposes that matter particles also exhibit wave-like properties, with a wavelength given by $\lambda = h/p$. A variety of additional questions are available here to deepen your understanding of these foundational quantum concepts.
12. Atoms
This chapter focuses on the structure of the atom, with a primary emphasis on the Bohr model for the hydrogen atom. It explains Bohr's postulates of quantized energy levels and angular momentum. The model is used to derive expressions for the radii and energy of electron orbits and provides a compelling explanation for the origin of the discrete line spectra of hydrogen, detailing the various spectral series (Lyman, Balmer, etc.). To explore the quantum nature of the atom further, solve the supplementary questions available here.
13. Nuclei
This chapter delves into the physics of the atomic nucleus. It explains concepts of mass defect and binding energy using Einstein's mass-energy relation ($E = \Delta m c^2$) to describe nuclear stability. The phenomenon of radioactivity ($\alpha, \beta, \gamma$ decay) is discussed, along with the law of radioactive decay ($N = N_0 e^{-\lambda t}$) and the concept of half-life. The chapter concludes by exploring the immense energy released in the nuclear processes of fission and fusion. This section provides additional questions to practice nuclear physics problems.
14. Semiconductor Electronics: Materials, Devices And Simple Circuits
This chapter introduces the physics of semiconductors, the materials that power modern electronics. It explains the concept of energy bands to differentiate between conductors, insulators, and semiconductors. The chapter details how doping creates p-type and n-type semiconductors and focuses on the formation and characteristics of a p-n junction. This leads to an understanding of key devices like the p-n junction diode (as a rectifier) and fundamental logic gates (AND, OR, NOT). To reinforce your learning, this section offers extra short and long answer questions.