| Classwise Additional Science Questions with Solutions (Class 6th to 10th) | ||||||||||||||
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| Classwise Additional Science Questions with Solutions (Class 11th) | ||||||||||||||
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| Classwise Additional Science NCERT Questions with Solutions (Class 12th) | ||||||||||||||
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Class 12th Chemistry Additional Questions
1. The Solid State
This chapter explores the nature of the solid state, distinguishing between amorphous and crystalline solids. It delves into the structure of crystalline solids, introducing concepts like crystal lattices and unit cells (BCC, FCC). A key focus is on calculating packing efficiency and density, and understanding imperfections or defects in solids, which influence their electrical and magnetic properties. To deepen your understanding of these structures and properties, this section provides additional short and long answer type questions beyond those in the NCERT and Exemplar books.
2. Solutions
This chapter provides a detailed study of liquid solutions. It covers various methods for expressing concentration and introduces Raoult's Law to describe the vapour pressure of ideal and non-ideal solutions. A central theme is the study of colligative properties—properties that depend on the number of solute particles—including elevation in boiling point, depression in freezing point, and osmotic pressure. The chapter also explains the van't Hoff factor to account for abnormalities. To reinforce your learning on these quantitative topics, this section offers a variety of extra short and long answer questions for practice.
3. Electrochemistry
This chapter explores the interplay between chemical and electrical energy. It covers the functioning of electrochemical cells (Galvanic and Electrolytic) and introduces concepts like standard electrode potential ($E^\circ$) and the Nernst equation. The chapter discusses electrolytic conductance and Kohlrausch's law. Practical applications such as batteries, fuel cells, and the electrochemical principles behind corrosion are also detailed. A collection of supplementary short and long answer questions is provided here to master the concepts of electrochemistry.
4. Chemical Kinetics
Chemical kinetics is the study of reaction rates and mechanisms. This chapter defines the rate of reaction and introduces the concepts of rate law, rate constant ($k$), and the order of a reaction. It derives and applies the integrated rate equations for zero and first-order reactions, including the concept of half-life ($t_{1/2}$). The temperature dependence of reaction rates is explained using the concept of activation energy ($E_a$) and the Arrhenius equation. This section contains additional questions to help you master rate calculations and reaction mechanisms.
5. Surface Chemistry
This chapter deals with phenomena occurring at surfaces. It is divided into three main topics: Adsorption (distinguishing between physisorption and chemisorption), Catalysis (including enzyme catalysis), and Colloids. For colloids, it details their classification, preparation, and characteristic properties like the Tyndall effect and Brownian movement. The role of emulsions and gels is also covered. To test your understanding of these interfacial phenomena, solve the additional short and long answer type questions available here.
6. General Principles And Processes Of Isolation Of Elements
This chapter focuses on the principles of metallurgy—the science of extracting metals from their ores. It outlines the major steps involved: concentration of ores, isolation of the metal from the ore (usually by reduction), and finally, the refining of the crude metal. The chapter explains the thermodynamic and electrochemical principles behind these processes and illustrates them with the extraction of key metals like iron, copper, and aluminium (Hall-Héroult process). To explore this topic further, a set of additional short and long answer questions is available in this section.
7. The P-Block Elements
This chapter provides an in-depth study of the p-block elements from Group 15 to Group 18. For each group, it discusses the trends in properties and the anomalous behavior of the first element. The chapter gives a thorough account of the preparation, properties, and structures of important compounds, such as ammonia (Haber's process), sulfuric acid (Contact process), interhalogen compounds, and the compounds of xenon. This section provides extra questions to practice the chemistry of these diverse elements.
8. The D-And F-Block Elements
This chapter covers the chemistry of the transition metals (d-block) and the inner transition metals (f-block). It discusses their characteristic properties, such as variable oxidation states, formation of coloured ions, and catalytic activity. The chapter details the preparation and properties of potassium dichromate ($K_2Cr_2O_7$) and potassium permanganate ($KMnO_4$). For the f-block elements, it explains the phenomenon of Lanthanoid contraction and its consequences. A set of supplementary short and long answer questions is provided here for practice.
9. Coordination Compounds
This chapter introduces the fascinating chemistry of coordination compounds. A significant focus is on the systematic IUPAC nomenclature and the various types of isomerism these compounds exhibit. The chapter explains the bonding and properties using two major theories: Valence Bond Theory (VBT), which uses hybridization, and Crystal Field Theory (CFT), which explains their colour and magnetic properties. The importance of these compounds in biological systems is also highlighted. A collection of additional questions is provided here to reinforce your understanding.
10. Haloalkanes And Haloarenes
This chapter begins the study of organic chemistry functional groups. The core of the chapter lies in the chemical reactions of haloalkanes and haloarenes. For haloalkanes, the mechanisms of nucleophilic substitution reactions ($S_N1$ and $S_N2$) and elimination reactions are discussed in detail. For haloarenes, it explains their characteristic electrophilic substitution reactions. To test your knowledge of these important reaction mechanisms, this section offers extra short and long answer questions.
11. Alcohols, Phenols And Ethers
This chapter deals with three important classes of oxygen-containing organic compounds. A key focus is the comparison of the acidity of alcohols and phenols. It details the characteristic reactions for each class, including the oxidation of alcohols and the electrophilic substitution reactions of phenols (e.g., Kolbe's and Reimer-Tiemann reactions). For ethers, the Williamson synthesis is a key preparation method. A variety of additional questions are available here to deepen your understanding of these functional groups.
12. Aldehydes, Ketones And Carboxylic Acids
This chapter is dedicated to organic compounds containing the carbonyl and carboxyl groups. It explains the mechanism of nucleophilic addition to the carbonyl group, a characteristic reaction of aldehydes and ketones. It details several important named reactions, including the Aldol condensation and Cannizzaro reaction. For carboxylic acids, it discusses their acidity and details reactions like esterification and the Hell-Volhard-Zelinsky (HVZ) reaction. This section provides supplementary questions to practice these numerous reactions.
13. Amines
This chapter focuses on amines, the organic derivatives of ammonia. A major theme is the basic character of amines and the factors that influence it. The chapter describes key chemical reactions, including tests to distinguish between primary, secondary, and tertiary amines. A significant section is devoted to the preparation and synthetic utility of arenediazonium salts, which are important intermediates for preparing a variety of aromatic compounds via reactions like the Sandmeyer reaction. To master the chemistry of nitrogen compounds, solve the additional questions provided here.
14. Biomolecules
This chapter explores the chemistry of life, focusing on the four major classes of biomolecules. It provides a detailed study of Carbohydrates, Proteins (including the four levels of structure), and Nucleic Acids (DNA and RNA). The chapter discusses the structure of these macromolecules and their essential functions in living systems. It also provides an overview of Vitamins and the diseases caused by their deficiency. To test your knowledge on the building blocks of life, a variety of extra questions are available in this section.
15. Polymers
This chapter introduces the world of polymers—giant molecules made of repeating monomer units. It details the two main types of polymerization reactions: addition polymerization and condensation polymerization. It discusses the preparation, properties, and uses of important commercial polymers like Teflon, Nylon 6,6, and Bakelite. The chapter also introduces the important and growing field of biodegradable polymers, which offer a solution to environmental pollution. A collection of supplementary questions is provided here to reinforce your understanding.
16. Chemistry In Everyday Life
This chapter highlights the direct impact of chemistry on our daily lives. It focuses on three main areas: Medicines (Drugs), with a classification of therapeutic agents like antacids and antibiotics; Chemicals in Food, such as preservatives and artificial sweeteners; and Cleansing Agents, explaining the chemistry behind the action of soaps and synthetic detergents. This chapter provides a fascinating look at how chemical knowledge is applied to improve health and hygiene. To explore these applications further, a set of additional questions is provided.